General information about Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan — the pearl of the East, hidden from the vanity of the world
Turkmenistan is a country of ancient civilizations, vast deserts and majestic architecture. Here the East reveals itself in all its beauty: golden domes of Ashgabat, sand dunes of Karakum, mysterious ruins of Merv and fiery abyss of Darvaz fascinate travelers.
This country combines centuries-old traditions of nomadic peoples with modern development, preserving the hospitality that has become its trademark. Turkmenistan amazes with its originality, clean cities and unique culture, immersing guests in the atmosphere of an oriental fairy tale.
Location
Turkmenistan covers an area of about 491,210 km², making it the second largest country in Central Asia after Kazakhstan.
In terms of area, it is comparable to countries such as Spain or Thailand and ranks 52nd in the world. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert, which occupies about 80% of the territory. Turkmenistan has no access to the world’s oceans. It borders in the north and northeast — with Kazakhstan (border length 379 km) and Uzbekistan (1,793 km),in the south — with Iran (1,148 km) and Afghanistan (804 km), in the west it is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea (1,768 km of coastline).
The total length of Turkmenistan’s land borders is about 4,124 km.
Time
Turkmenistan has a single time zone (TMT, UTC+5) and there is no daylight-saving time. This means that the time in Turkmenistan remains unchanged throughout the year.
Climate
The climate of Turkmenistan is sharply continental, arid.
Summer is very hot and dry, temperatures can reach +45…+50°C, especially in desert areas. Winter is relatively mild, but in some regions there are frosts up to -10…-15°C. The average winter temperature is about 0…+5°C.
Precipitation is extremely rare, averaging 100-300 mm per year, mainly falling in winter and early spring. Winds — dry winds and sandstorms are frequent, especially in desert areas.
The best time to visit Turkmenistan is spring in March-May and fall in September-November, when temperatures are most comfortable for travel.
Landscapes
Turkmenistan is a country of contrasts, unique combination of harsh desert beauty, mountain peaks and picturesque natural corners. Its majestic mountain ranges are replaced by vast deserts, and picturesque oases are hidden among the arid plains.
Most of the territory is occupied by the Karakum Desert, one of the largest sandy deserts in the world, stretching from the Amu Darya River to the Caspian Sea. Its barchans, salt marshes and rare vegetation create a beautiful natural appearance.
In the south of the country rises the Kopetdag mountain range, which forms a natural border with Iran. These mountains not only add diversity to the landscape, but also create a milder climate in the southern regions. The highest point of Turkmenistan is Mount Airybaba (3,139 meters) in the east of the country.
In the west of Turkmenistan stretches the coast of the Caspian Sea, where sandy beaches and solonchaks neighbor with steppe landscapes. In this part of the country there are also amazing geological formations, such as the Yangi-Kala canyon, striking with colorful rock massifs.
Along the Amu Darya, Murghab and Tejen rivers there are fertile oases where agriculture is concentrated. These plots of land are real islands of life among the desert expanses.
One of the most famous natural objects of Turkmenistan is the Darvaza crater, also known as the “Gates of Hell”. This burning gas crater in the heart of the Karakum Mountains has become a symbol of the country and attracts travelers from all over the world.
The landscapes of Turkmenistan will not leave any traveler unimpressed.
Flora and fauna
Turkmenistan’s huge and diverse landscapes are home to a surprisingly rich variety of plant and animal life. Despite the country’s arid climate, nature here has adapted in remarkable ways, creating a unique ecosystem filled with rare and resilient species.
The Karakum Desert, covering most of Turkmenistan, may seem barren at first glance, but it is teeming with life. Plants such as white saxaul, camel thorn, and saltwort have evolved to thrive in extreme heat and scarce water conditions. These hardy plants help prevent soil erosion and provide shelter and food for desert wildlife. In the mountainous regions of Kopetdag, juniper forests and wild pistachio trees flourish, while colorful tulips and irises bloom in the spring, adding vibrant beauty to the rugged landscape.
Turkmenistan is home to a fascinating mix of wildlife, including some of Central Asia’s most elusive species. The Asiatic cheetah, once roaming freely across the region, is now critically endangered, though efforts to protect its habitat continue. The Caracal, a graceful wild cat with tufted ears, stealthily moves through the desert, while Bukhara deer and Urial sheep roam the mountain slopes.
Bird enthusiasts will find Turkmenistan a paradise, with species such as golden eagles, saker falcons, and flamingos making their homes in the country’s wetlands and remote cliffs. The shores of the Caspian Sea also serve as an important stopover for migratory birds, adding to the country’s avian diversity.
Among reptiles, the Central Asian tortoise and the desert monitor lizard are well-adapted to the harsh desert conditions. The country’s rivers and lakes support a variety of fish, while the mysterious Persian leopard still prowls the more remote mountainous areas, though sightings are rare.
For nature lovers and adventure seekers, exploring Turkmenistan’s wild landscapes is a journey into one of Central Asia’s very fascinating and little-known ecosystems.
Population
Turkmenistan has approximately 6.5 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in Central Asia. The majority of the population resides in urban centers such as the capital Ashgabat, as well as Türkmenabat, Daşoguz, Mary, and Balkanabat, while vast desert areas remain sparsely populated. Country is relatively young, with a significant percentage under the age of 30. Traditional family values and hospitality play a central role in Turkmen society, and many people still maintain strong connections to their nomadic heritage, despite urbanization.
The dominant ethnic group is the Turkmens, who make up around 85–90% of the population. Other ethnic minorities include Uzbeks, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Persians, contributing to the country’s cultural diversity. The official language is Turkmen, though Russian is widely spoken, especially in business and administrative contexts.
Language
The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen, which belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages. It is used in public administration, education, media and everyday life.
Turkmenistan is a multi-ethnic country, therefore there are other common languages:
— Russian — widely used, especially in large cities and in the business sphere. Many residents, especially older generations, speak Russian and use it for communication, education and business.
— Uzbek language is spoken by the Uzbek minority, mainly in the eastern regions of the country.
— Kazakh is used by the Kazakh population, especially in the north of Turkmenistan.
— English is gaining popularity, especially among young people and in the tourism sector, but is not yet widespread.
Religion
The majority of the population is Muslim, which influences cultural traditions and daily life. However, Turkmenistan retains a secular government and religious practice is generally moderate. Islam as the main religion is practiced by about 93% of the population. Sunnism predominates, but there are also small Shiite communities, especially among the Persian population. Islam has a significant influence on the country’s cultural traditions, festivals and way of life.
There are other religious minorities: Orthodox Christianity is a significant minority among the Russian-speaking population. Christian communities exist in large cities such as Ashgabat and others.
There are also small communities of Jews, Catholics and other religions in Turkmenistan, but their numbers are extremely small.
Political system
Turkmenistan is a democratic, legal and secular state. The form of government is a presidential republic. The country officially declares its commitment to democracy and neutrality.
The President is the head of state and government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He has broad powers, including appointing ministers, approving laws, controlling security forces and foreign policy. The President of Turkmenistan plays a key role in the governance of the country.
Legislative power is represented by a bicameral parliament:
— Mejlis (lower house) — consists of 125 deputies elected for 5 years.
— Khalk Maslakhaty (Supreme Council of the People) — an advisory body consisting of representatives of different regions and social groups.
Executive power in the country is exercised by various ministries and agencies appointed by the President.
Turkmenistan has a one-party system. The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only political party representing the country in the elections. Other political parties and opposition movements are not officially authorized.
Turkmenistan officially adheres to a neutral foreign policy. In 1995, the UN recognized Turkmenistan as a permanently neutral state, which implies the absence of military alliances and active participation in international conflicts. This provision reflects the president’s ideology and is used as the basis of the country’s foreign policy.
Administrative divisions
Turkmenistan is divided into 5 velayats -large administrative units or provinces and 1 autonomous city, which is also the capital of the country. Each velayat is governed by a khakim or governor appointed by the president.
There are 5 velayats :
- Ahal velayayt — borders with Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range.
- Balkan velayat — located in the west of Turkmenistan and bordering the Caspian Sea. It is one of the most important economic regions, with developed oil and gas and agricultural industries.
- Dashoguz province — is located in the north of the country, close to the border with Uzbekistan. Agricultural lands are concentrated here.
- Lebap velayat — is located in the east of Turkmenistan and includes part of the Karakum desert, as well as oases where agriculture and energy are developing.
- Mary velayat — southeastern region where agricultural land is concentrated, especially for cotton and wheat cultivation.
Ashgabat is the capital and most important administrative and cultural center of Turkmenistan. It is a separate administrative unit, not part of any velayat, and is governed directly by the central government.
Velayats are divided into etikas and cities, which also have their own administrative units.
Economy
Turkmenistan’s economy is a strong and growing system that is moving forward despite challenges, based on its rich natural resources, strategic position and commitment to diversification.
Turkmenistan has some of the world’s largest reserves of natural gas, oil and coal, making the country an important player in the energy market. Turkmenistan’s gas fields are among the largest in the world, and the country is among the largest natural gas suppliers in Central Asia. The riches of the Caspian Sea and the country’s subsoil offer great opportunities for the oil and gas industry, which actively supports the economy.
Agriculture plays an important role in Turkmenistan’s economy. Big oases and rivers such as the Amu Darya and Murghab provide opportunities for agriculture. Turkmenistan is one of the world’s largest producers of cotton and also grows wheat, vegetables and fruits. The development of irrigation and agricultural technology has stimulated the growth of agricultural production and exports.
The country is actively developing industry, especially in such areas as chemical industry, production of construction materials, textiles and machine building. Construction is becoming an integral part of Turkmenistan’s economic strategy, which can be seen in the large-scale projects to build infrastructure, residential complexes and facilities. Ashgabat, the capital of the country, is decorated with modern architectural wonders embodied in grandiose buildings, high-rises and cultural centers.
Turkmenistan has a unique cultural heritage and natural beauty, which opens up excellent opportunities for tourism development. From the fiery crator of Darvaz to the historic ruins of Merv, the country is ready to offer travelers not only ancient architecture but also picturesque natural landscapes. Tourism development strategy is becoming an increasingly important part of the economy, and Turkmenistan aims to open up to the world by attracting tourists and investors.
Turkmenistan covers an area of about 491,210 km², making it the second largest country in Central Asia after Kazakhstan.
In terms of area, it is comparable to countries such as Spain or Thailand and ranks 52nd in the world. Most of the country is covered by the Karakum Desert, which occupies about 80% of the territory. Turkmenistan has no access to the world’s oceans. It borders in the north and northeast — with Kazakhstan (border length 379 km) and Uzbekistan (1,793 km),in the south — with Iran (1,148 km) and Afghanistan (804 km), in the west it is washed by the waters of the Caspian Sea (1,768 km of coastline).
The total length of Turkmenistan’s land borders is about 4,124 km.
Turkmenistan has a single time zone (TMT, UTC+5) and there is no daylight-saving time. This means that the time in Turkmenistan remains unchanged throughout the year.
The climate of Turkmenistan is sharply continental, arid.
Summer is very hot and dry, temperatures can reach +45…+50°C, especially in desert areas. Winter is relatively mild, but in some regions there are frosts up to -10…-15°C. The average winter temperature is about 0…+5°C.
Precipitation is extremely rare, averaging 100-300 mm per year, mainly falling in winter and early spring. Winds — dry winds and sandstorms are frequent, especially in desert areas.
The best time to visit Turkmenistan is spring in March-May and fall in September-November, when temperatures are most comfortable for travel.
Turkmenistan is a country of contrasts, unique combination of harsh desert beauty, mountain peaks and picturesque natural corners. Its majestic mountain ranges are replaced by vast deserts, and picturesque oases are hidden among the arid plains.
Most of the territory is occupied by the Karakum Desert, one of the largest sandy deserts in the world, stretching from the Amu Darya River to the Caspian Sea. Its barchans, salt marshes and rare vegetation create a beautiful natural appearance.
In the south of the country rises the Kopetdag mountain range, which forms a natural border with Iran. These mountains not only add diversity to the landscape, but also create a milder climate in the southern regions. The highest point of Turkmenistan is Mount Airybaba (3,139 meters) in the east of the country.
In the west of Turkmenistan stretches the coast of the Caspian Sea, where sandy beaches and solonchaks neighbor with steppe landscapes. In this part of the country there are also amazing geological formations, such as the Yangi-Kala canyon, striking with colorful rock massifs.
Along the Amu Darya, Murghab and Tejen rivers there are fertile oases where agriculture is concentrated. These plots of land are real islands of life among the desert expanses.
One of the most famous natural objects of Turkmenistan is the Darvaza crater, also known as the “Gates of Hell”. This burning gas crater in the heart of the Karakum Mountains has become a symbol of the country and attracts travelers from all over the world.
The landscapes of Turkmenistan will not leave any traveler unimpressed.
Turkmenistan’s huge and diverse landscapes are home to a surprisingly rich variety of plant and animal life. Despite the country’s arid climate, nature here has adapted in remarkable ways, creating a unique ecosystem filled with rare and resilient species.
The Karakum Desert, covering most of Turkmenistan, may seem barren at first glance, but it is teeming with life. Plants such as white saxaul, camel thorn, and saltwort have evolved to thrive in extreme heat and scarce water conditions. These hardy plants help prevent soil erosion and provide shelter and food for desert wildlife. In the mountainous regions of Kopetdag, juniper forests and wild pistachio trees flourish, while colorful tulips and irises bloom in the spring, adding vibrant beauty to the rugged landscape.
Turkmenistan is home to a fascinating mix of wildlife, including some of Central Asia’s most elusive species. The Asiatic cheetah, once roaming freely across the region, is now critically endangered, though efforts to protect its habitat continue. The Caracal, a graceful wild cat with tufted ears, stealthily moves through the desert, while Bukhara deer and Urial sheep roam the mountain slopes.
Bird enthusiasts will find Turkmenistan a paradise, with species such as golden eagles, saker falcons, and flamingos making their homes in the country’s wetlands and remote cliffs. The shores of the Caspian Sea also serve as an important stopover for migratory birds, adding to the country’s avian diversity.
Among reptiles, the Central Asian tortoise and the desert monitor lizard are well-adapted to the harsh desert conditions. The country’s rivers and lakes support a variety of fish, while the mysterious Persian leopard still prowls the more remote mountainous areas, though sightings are rare.
For nature lovers and adventure seekers, exploring Turkmenistan’s wild landscapes is a journey into one of Central Asia’s very fascinating and little-known ecosystems.
Turkmenistan has approximately 6.5 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in Central Asia. The majority of the population resides in urban centers such as the capital Ashgabat, as well as Türkmenabat, Daşoguz, Mary, and Balkanabat, while vast desert areas remain sparsely populated. Country is relatively young, with a significant percentage under the age of 30. Traditional family values and hospitality play a central role in Turkmen society, and many people still maintain strong connections to their nomadic heritage, despite urbanization.
The dominant ethnic group is the Turkmens, who make up around 85–90% of the population. Other ethnic minorities include Uzbeks, Russians, Kazakhs, Tatars, and Persians, contributing to the country’s cultural diversity. The official language is Turkmen, though Russian is widely spoken, especially in business and administrative contexts.
The official language of Turkmenistan is Turkmen, which belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages. It is used in public administration, education, media and everyday life.
Turkmenistan is a multi-ethnic country, therefore there are other common languages:
— Russian — widely used, especially in large cities and in the business sphere. Many residents, especially older generations, speak Russian and use it for communication, education and business.
— Uzbek language is spoken by the Uzbek minority, mainly in the eastern regions of the country.
— Kazakh is used by the Kazakh population, especially in the north of Turkmenistan.
— English is gaining popularity, especially among young people and in the tourism sector, but is not yet widespread.
The majority of the population is Muslim, which influences cultural traditions and daily life. However, Turkmenistan retains a secular government and religious practice is generally moderate. Islam as the main religion is practiced by about 93% of the population. Sunnism predominates, but there are also small Shiite communities, especially among the Persian population. Islam has a significant influence on the country’s cultural traditions, festivals and way of life.
There are other religious minorities: Orthodox Christianity is a significant minority among the Russian-speaking population. Christian communities exist in large cities such as Ashgabat and others.
There are also small communities of Jews, Catholics and other religions in Turkmenistan, but their numbers are extremely small.
Turkmenistan is a democratic, legal and secular state. The form of government is a presidential republic. The country officially declares its commitment to democracy and neutrality.
The President is the head of state and government and commander-in-chief of the armed forces. He has broad powers, including appointing ministers, approving laws, controlling security forces and foreign policy. The President of Turkmenistan plays a key role in the governance of the country.
Legislative power is represented by a bicameral parliament:
— Mejlis (lower house) — consists of 125 deputies elected for 5 years.
— Khalk Maslakhaty (Supreme Council of the People) — an advisory body consisting of representatives of different regions and social groups.
Executive power in the country is exercised by various ministries and agencies appointed by the President.
Turkmenistan has a one-party system. The Democratic Party of Turkmenistan is the only political party representing the country in the elections. Other political parties and opposition movements are not officially authorized.
Turkmenistan officially adheres to a neutral foreign policy. In 1995, the UN recognized Turkmenistan as a permanently neutral state, which implies the absence of military alliances and active participation in international conflicts. This provision reflects the president’s ideology and is used as the basis of the country’s foreign policy.
Turkmenistan is divided into 5 velayats -large administrative units or provinces and 1 autonomous city, which is also the capital of the country. Each velayat is governed by a khakim or governor appointed by the president.
There are 5 velayats :
- Ahal velayayt — borders with Iran and Afghanistan along the Kopet Dag Range.
- Balkan velayat — located in the west of Turkmenistan and bordering the Caspian Sea. It is one of the most important economic regions, with developed oil and gas and agricultural industries.
- Dashoguz province — is located in the north of the country, close to the border with Uzbekistan. Agricultural lands are concentrated here.
- Lebap velayat — is located in the east of Turkmenistan and includes part of the Karakum desert, as well as oases where agriculture and energy are developing.
- Mary velayat — southeastern region where agricultural land is concentrated, especially for cotton and wheat cultivation.
Ashgabat is the capital and most important administrative and cultural center of Turkmenistan. It is a separate administrative unit, not part of any velayat, and is governed directly by the central government.
Velayats are divided into etikas and cities, which also have their own administrative units.
Turkmenistan’s economy is a strong and growing system that is moving forward despite challenges, based on its rich natural resources, strategic position and commitment to diversification.
Turkmenistan has some of the world’s largest reserves of natural gas, oil and coal, making the country an important player in the energy market. Turkmenistan’s gas fields are among the largest in the world, and the country is among the largest natural gas suppliers in Central Asia. The riches of the Caspian Sea and the country’s subsoil offer great opportunities for the oil and gas industry, which actively supports the economy.
Agriculture plays an important role in Turkmenistan’s economy. Big oases and rivers such as the Amu Darya and Murghab provide opportunities for agriculture. Turkmenistan is one of the world’s largest producers of cotton and also grows wheat, vegetables and fruits. The development of irrigation and agricultural technology has stimulated the growth of agricultural production and exports.
The country is actively developing industry, especially in such areas as chemical industry, production of construction materials, textiles and machine building. Construction is becoming an integral part of Turkmenistan’s economic strategy, which can be seen in the large-scale projects to build infrastructure, residential complexes and facilities. Ashgabat, the capital of the country, is decorated with modern architectural wonders embodied in grandiose buildings, high-rises and cultural centers.
Turkmenistan has a unique cultural heritage and natural beauty, which opens up excellent opportunities for tourism development. From the fiery crator of Darvaz to the historic ruins of Merv, the country is ready to offer travelers not only ancient architecture but also picturesque natural landscapes. Tourism development strategy is becoming an increasingly important part of the economy, and Turkmenistan aims to open up to the world by attracting tourists and investors.
Travel information
Shopping
Shopping in Turkmenistan offers an unforgettable experience that combines the country’s rich cultural heritage with modern retail trends. One of the most authentic ways to shop in Turkmenistan is by visiting its bazaars, which are an integral part of local life. These bustling markets offer a sensory overload of colors, smells, and sounds. Here, you can find saffron, cumin, and coriander along with dried fruits like apricots, raisins, figs and fresh produce. Traditional handcrafted goods, such as famous Turkmen high-quality carpets, silver jewelry, embroidered textiles, and intricately designed ceramics, make for perfect souvenirs or gifts. The Tolkuchka Bazaar near Ashgabat is especially famous for its wide array of products, ranging from everyday goods to high-quality handmade items, reflecting Turkmenistan’s deep-rooted craftsmanship traditions. When shopping in Turkmenistan, it’s important to keep in mind that haggling is common in the traditional bazaars, and negotiating prices can be part of the fun.
In contrast to the lively bazaars, Turkmenistan’s cities, particularly Ashgabat, also offer a more contemporary shopping experience. Modern shopping malls and department stores feature a variety of international and local brands. These malls offer electronics, clothing, cosmetics, and more, making it easier for locals and tourists to access the latest global trends. Berkarar Shopping Center in Ashgabat is one of the largest and most popular shopping hubs, featuring upscale boutiques, cafes, and luxury goods.
The majority of shops and pharmacies are open from 9 a.m. till 10 p.m. and some pharmacies are open 24 hours a day. Supermarkets work from 10 a.m. till 8 p.m. You are advised to go shopping and to the markets with local currency.
Money
The official currency of Turkmenistan is the Turkmen Manat (TMT). The Manat is subdivided into 100 tenge, but tenge coins are rarely used in practice. Banknotes come in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 Manat. The Manat is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed exchange rate, although currency exchange is often regulated, and official rates may differ from market rates.
Currency exchange can be done at exchange offices and banks. Exchange offices are common in major cities and exchange rates may vary depending on location and demand. Exchange offices in hotels and large shopping centers may offer less favorable rates. Banks have official rates, which are often more stable, but with certain limits on amounts. Exchange of foreign currencies may require some formalities, such as documents confirming the purpose of the exchange.
ATMs are available in major cities such as Ashgabat, but their number is limited. ATMs mostly support cards from international payment systems such as Visa and MasterCard, but it is worth checking whether particular ATMs accept these cards. Many ATMs in Turkmenistan dispense only Turkmen Manats.
Credit cards are not always accepted in small stores and outlets. In most cases it is preferable to pay in cash.
Tips for travelers:
- It is better to exchange currency in advance to avoid inconveniences in case the necessary currency is not available in the bank or exchange office.
- If you are traveling with a credit card, check in advance whether your bank supports Turkmen ATMs or retail outlets for withdrawals.
- note that foreign currencies such as the US dollar and Russian ruble are often accepted in some places, but it’s advisable to use the local Manat for most transactions.
Public transport
Public transportation in Turkmenistan offers a range of options to both locals and visitors, though the infrastructure is more developed in urban areas, especially in the capital, Ashgabat.
Buses and Minibuses (Marshrutkas), taxis are increasingly popular public transport in Turkmenistan and in Ashgabat. Bus and minibus fares are quite affordable, and passengers typically pay directly to the driver when entering. In some cases, a ticket may be purchased in advance at specific locations. Many taxis use meter systems, but in some cases, fares may need to be negotiated in advance. Ride-hailing services, like Yandex.Taxi, offering more convenience and often more transparent pricing than regular taxis.
Rail transport is commonly used for intercity travel, between major cities such as Ashgabat, Turkmenabat, and Mary. The rail network in Turkmenistan is relatively well-developed, and the trains are usually affordable and comfortable. However, trains may not run as frequently as buses or minibuses, and schedules can be subject to change.
Domestic flights are a convenient option and connect big cities.
Trains and flights, tickets can be bought at stations, airports, or through official websites.
Photography
Photography is allowed in Turkmenistan:
- Tourist attractions and natural landscapes.
- Markets and bazaars, with the permission of the traders.
- Ordinary streets and public places, as long as it does not violate privacy.
Photography is prohibited:
- Government buildings, military installations and strategically important areas.
- Religious places without authorization.
- Government events and public ceremonies without authorization.
- People’s private lives without their permission, especially in traditional areas.
How to get here
You can reach Bishkek directly by the following airlines:
Please note that timetable due to COVID-19 is subject to change and contact airlines for valid schedule.
Conditions of residence
Overseas diplomatic missions of the Kyrgyz Republic
Armenia – Yerevan (Embassy)
Austria – Vienna (Embassy)
Azerbaijan – Baku (Embassy)
Belarus – Minsk (Embassy)
Belgium – Brussels (Embassy)
China – Beijing (Embassy)
France – Paris (Embassy)
Germany – Berlin (Embassy), Frankfurt (Consulate)
India – New Delhi (Embassy)
Iran – Tehran (Embassy), Mashhad (Consulate-General)
Italy – Rome (Embassy)
Japan – Tokyo (Embassy)
Kazakhstan – Astana (Embassy), Aktau (Consulate), Almaty (Consular section)
Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek (Embassy)
Pakistan – Islamabad (Embassy)
Qatar – Doha (Embassy)
Republic of Korea – Seoul (Embassy)
Romania – Bucharest (Embassy)
Russia – Moscow (Embassy), Astrakhan (Consulate), Kazan (Consulate-General)
Saudi Arabia – Riyadh (Embassy)
Switzerland – Geneva (Embassy)
Turkey – Ankara (Embassy), Istanbul (Consulate-General)
UAE – Abu Dhabi (Embassy), Dubai (Consulate-General)
Ukraine – Kyiv (Embassy), Kharkiv (Consular section)
United Kingdom – London (Embassy)
United States – Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Uzbekistan – Tashkent (Embassy)
Customs and airport taxes
Travelers to Turkmenistan must complete a customs declaration upon arrival, especially if carrying large sums of money (over $3,000 USD) or valuable items. Personal belongings and reasonable amounts of goods for personal use are allowed without duty.
For the latest regulations see: https://customs.gov.tm/en/customs-info/for-individuals
Shopping in Turkmenistan offers an unforgettable experience that combines the country’s rich cultural heritage with modern retail trends. One of the most authentic ways to shop in Turkmenistan is by visiting its bazaars, which are an integral part of local life. These bustling markets offer a sensory overload of colors, smells, and sounds. Here, you can find saffron, cumin, and coriander along with dried fruits like apricots, raisins, figs and fresh produce. Traditional handcrafted goods, such as famous Turkmen high-quality carpets, silver jewelry, embroidered textiles, and intricately designed ceramics, make for perfect souvenirs or gifts. The Tolkuchka Bazaar near Ashgabat is especially famous for its wide array of products, ranging from everyday goods to high-quality handmade items, reflecting Turkmenistan’s deep-rooted craftsmanship traditions. When shopping in Turkmenistan, it’s important to keep in mind that haggling is common in the traditional bazaars, and negotiating prices can be part of the fun.
In contrast to the lively bazaars, Turkmenistan’s cities, particularly Ashgabat, also offer a more contemporary shopping experience. Modern shopping malls and department stores feature a variety of international and local brands. These malls offer electronics, clothing, cosmetics, and more, making it easier for locals and tourists to access the latest global trends. Berkarar Shopping Center in Ashgabat is one of the largest and most popular shopping hubs, featuring upscale boutiques, cafes, and luxury goods.
The majority of shops and pharmacies are open from 9 a.m. till 10 p.m. and some pharmacies are open 24 hours a day. Supermarkets work from 10 a.m. till 8 p.m. You are advised to go shopping and to the markets with local currency.
The official currency of Turkmenistan is the Turkmen Manat (TMT). The Manat is subdivided into 100 tenge, but tenge coins are rarely used in practice. Banknotes come in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 Manat. The Manat is pegged to the US dollar at a fixed exchange rate, although currency exchange is often regulated, and official rates may differ from market rates.
Currency exchange can be done at exchange offices and banks. Exchange offices are common in major cities and exchange rates may vary depending on location and demand. Exchange offices in hotels and large shopping centers may offer less favorable rates. Banks have official rates, which are often more stable, but with certain limits on amounts. Exchange of foreign currencies may require some formalities, such as documents confirming the purpose of the exchange.
ATMs are available in major cities such as Ashgabat, but their number is limited. ATMs mostly support cards from international payment systems such as Visa and MasterCard, but it is worth checking whether particular ATMs accept these cards. Many ATMs in Turkmenistan dispense only Turkmen Manats.
Credit cards are not always accepted in small stores and outlets. In most cases it is preferable to pay in cash.
Tips for travelers:
- It is better to exchange currency in advance to avoid inconveniences in case the necessary currency is not available in the bank or exchange office.
- If you are traveling with a credit card, check in advance whether your bank supports Turkmen ATMs or retail outlets for withdrawals.
- note that foreign currencies such as the US dollar and Russian ruble are often accepted in some places, but it’s advisable to use the local Manat for most transactions.
Public transportation in Turkmenistan offers a range of options to both locals and visitors, though the infrastructure is more developed in urban areas, especially in the capital, Ashgabat.
Buses and Minibuses (Marshrutkas), taxis are increasingly popular public transport in Turkmenistan and in Ashgabat. Bus and minibus fares are quite affordable, and passengers typically pay directly to the driver when entering. In some cases, a ticket may be purchased in advance at specific locations. Many taxis use meter systems, but in some cases, fares may need to be negotiated in advance. Ride-hailing services, like Yandex.Taxi, offering more convenience and often more transparent pricing than regular taxis.
Rail transport is commonly used for intercity travel, between major cities such as Ashgabat, Turkmenabat, and Mary. The rail network in Turkmenistan is relatively well-developed, and the trains are usually affordable and comfortable. However, trains may not run as frequently as buses or minibuses, and schedules can be subject to change.
Domestic flights are a convenient option and connect big cities.
Trains and flights, tickets can be bought at stations, airports, or through official websites.
Photography is allowed in Turkmenistan:
- Tourist attractions and natural landscapes.
- Markets and bazaars, with the permission of the traders.
- Ordinary streets and public places, as long as it does not violate privacy.
Photography is prohibited:
- Government buildings, military installations and strategically important areas.
- Religious places without authorization.
- Government events and public ceremonies without authorization.
- People’s private lives without their permission, especially in traditional areas.
You can reach Bishkek directly by the following airlines:
Please note that timetable due to COVID-19 is subject to change and contact airlines for valid schedule.
Armenia – Yerevan (Embassy)
Austria – Vienna (Embassy)
Azerbaijan – Baku (Embassy)
Belarus – Minsk (Embassy)
Belgium – Brussels (Embassy)
China – Beijing (Embassy)
France – Paris (Embassy)
Germany – Berlin (Embassy), Frankfurt (Consulate)
India – New Delhi (Embassy)
Iran – Tehran (Embassy), Mashhad (Consulate-General)
Italy – Rome (Embassy)
Japan – Tokyo (Embassy)
Kazakhstan – Astana (Embassy), Aktau (Consulate), Almaty (Consular section)
Kyrgyzstan – Bishkek (Embassy)
Pakistan – Islamabad (Embassy)
Qatar – Doha (Embassy)
Republic of Korea – Seoul (Embassy)
Romania – Bucharest (Embassy)
Russia – Moscow (Embassy), Astrakhan (Consulate), Kazan (Consulate-General)
Saudi Arabia – Riyadh (Embassy)
Switzerland – Geneva (Embassy)
Turkey – Ankara (Embassy), Istanbul (Consulate-General)
UAE – Abu Dhabi (Embassy), Dubai (Consulate-General)
Ukraine – Kyiv (Embassy), Kharkiv (Consular section)
United Kingdom – London (Embassy)
United States – Washington, D.C. (Embassy)
Uzbekistan – Tashkent (Embassy)
Travelers to Turkmenistan must complete a customs declaration upon arrival, especially if carrying large sums of money (over $3,000 USD) or valuable items. Personal belongings and reasonable amounts of goods for personal use are allowed without duty.
For the latest regulations see: https://customs.gov.tm/en/customs-info/for-individuals
Cultural events
Nowruz
Celebration of the Persian New Year with traditional Turkmen culture, including yurts, national dishes, carpet making, embroidery, singing, and dancing.
Turkmen Horse Festival
Honors the Akhal-Teke horse breed with equestrian fairs, exhibitions, dressage, racing competitions, and other events.
Week of Culture
A series of cultural events across various art forms and artistic creativity, held in honor of the Day of Cultural and Art Workers and the poetry of Magtymguly Fragi.
Day of Turkmen Workers of Culture and Art
Recognizes artists and cultural workers, promoting Turkmenistan’s legacy through fairs, workshops, exhibitions, and theater performances.
Melon Festival
Celebrates Turkmen melons with exhibitions, fairs, and ceremonies honoring the best melon growers.
International Festival of Craftsmen and Masters of Applied Art
Features exhibitions, fairs, master classes, and conferences focusing on folk arts and crafts, fostering international cultural exchange.
Phrase-book
English - Russian - Kyrgyz
| Greetings | Privetstvovanie | Salam-dashuu |
| Good morning | Dobroe utra | Salamatsyzby |
| Good afternoon | Dobriy den | Salamatsyzby |
| Good evening | Dobriy vecher | Salamatsyzby |
| How do you do? | Kak dela? | Ishiniz kandai? |
| How are you? | Kak pojivaete? | Kandai turasyz? |
| Thank you,... | Spasiba,… | Yrakmat,… |
| ...fine | ...harasho | ...jakshy |
| ...not bad | ...ne ploha | ..jaman emes |
| ...so-so | ...tak sebe | ...eptep-septep |
| ...bad | ...ploho | ...jaman |
| GETTING ACQUAINTED | ZNAKOMSTVO | TAANYSHUU |
| What is your name? | Kak vas zavut? | Atyngyz kim ? |
| My name is… | Menya zavut… | Menin atym… |
| Where are you from? | Vy s kakoy strany preyehali? | Siz kaysy mumleketten keldiniz? |
| I am(we are) from… | Ya(my) priyehal (priyehaly) s… | Men(biz)…keldim(keldik). |
| I am very glad. | Ya ochen rad. | Abdan kubanychtumun. |
| Sit down please | Sadites pajalusta. | Oturunguz. |
| Thank you. | Spasiba. | Yrakmat. |
| Excuse me, please. | Izvenite pajalusta. | Kechirip koyunguz. |
| I am sorry. | Mne ochen jal. | Okunushtumun. |
| FAREWELLS | PROSHANIYE | KOSHTOSHUU |
| Good bye. | Dosvidaniya | Kosh bol |
| See you | Uvidimsya | Dagy korushobuz |
| Good luck | Udachi | Ak jol |
| IN THE CITY | V GORODE | SHAARDA |
| How do I get to the…? | Kak mne praiti k…? | …kantip barsa bolot? |
| ...Square | ...ploshadi | Ayantka... |
| ...Center | ...tzentru | Tzentrga... |
| ...Theatre | ..teatru | Teatrga... |
| ...Museum | ...museyu | Museige... |
| ...bus station | ...avtovokzalu | Avtovokzalga... |
| ...hotel | ...gastinitze | Meymankanaga... |
| I have lost my way. | Ya zabludilsya. | Men adashyp kaldym. |
| Where is the taxi stand? | Gde stayanka taksi? | Taksi toktochu jai kaida? |
| AT THE HOTEL | V GASTINITSAE | MEYMANKANADA |
| Where is the nearest hotel? | Gde zdes blijaishaya gastinitza? | En jakyn meymankana kaisy jerde? |
| I need a hotel not far from the center. | Mnye nujna gastinitza nedaleko ot zentra. | Maga centerge jakyn meymankana gerek. |
| My last name is… | Maya familiya… | Menin familiyam… |
| Here is my passport. | Vot moi pasport. | Myna menin pasportum. |
| I need a room for… | Mne nujen…nomer. | Maga…nomer kerek. |
| ...one person | ...odnamestnyi... | ...bir kishilik... |
| ...two people | ...dvoomestnyi... | ...eki kishilik... |
| What’s the price per night? | Skolka stoyit nomer v sutki? | Nomerdin bir sutkalyk baasy kancha turat? |
| What is my room number? | Kakoy nomer? | Kaisy nomer? |
| Is there a…in the hotel? | V gastinitze yest…? | Meymankanada…barby? |
| ...restaurant... | ...restarant | ...restaran... |
| ...post office... | ...pochta | ...pochta... |
| ...telephone... | ...telefon | ...telephone... |
| ...newspaper stand... | ...gazetniy kiosk | ...gazeta kiosku... |
| ...safe... | ...kamera hraneniya | ...kamera hraneniya... |
| IN THE RESTAURANT | V RESTORANE | RESTORANDA |
| Where is there a…? | Gde nahoditsya…? | Kaise jerde…? |
| restaurant | restorant | restoran |
| cafe | cafe | cafe |
| snack bar | zakusochnaya | tez tamak jeri |
| Menu, please. | Daite menu pajalusta. | Menunu berip koyunguzchu. |
| What national dishes do you have? | Kakie natzyalnye bluda u vas yest? | Sizde uluttuk kandai tamaktar bar? |
| What do you have to drink? | Shto uvas yest popit? | Ichkenge emne bar? |
| Bon appetite. | Priyatnogo apetita. | Tamagynyz tattuu bolsun. |
| Give me the bill please. | Daite shot pojaluista. | Shottu berip koyunguzchu. |
| NUMBERS | NOMER | NOMER |
| One | Adin | Bir |
| Two | Dva | Eki |
| Three | Tri | Uuch |
| Four | Chetyri | Turt |
| Five | Pyat | Besh |
| Six | Shest | Alty |
| Seven | Sem | Jeti |
| Eight | Vosim | Segiz |
| Nine | Devyat | Toguz |
| Ten | Desyat | Oon |
| Eleven | Adinazit | Oon Bir |
| Twelve | Dvenazit | Oon Eki |
| Twenty | Dvatzit | Jyirma |
| Thirty | Trizat | Ootuz |
| Forty | Sorok | Kyrk |
| Fifty | Pyadisyat | Eluu |
| Sixty | Shestdisyat | Altymysh |
| Seventy | Semdisyat | Jetimish |
| Eighty | Vosimdisyat | Seksen |
| Ninety | Devyanosta | Tokson |
| One Hundred | Sto | Juz |
| Two hundred | Dvesti | Eki Juz |
| One thousand | Tisyacha | Ming |
